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His family was devoutly Jewish, and his father, grandfather, and great grandfather were all rabbis. He graduated in and began teaching the subject in France.

In he was appointed to teach Social Sciences and Pedagogy at the University of Bordeaux, allowing him to teach the first ever official sociology courses in France. Also inDurkheim married Louise Dreyfus, with whom he would eventually have two children. A Study in SociologySuicide.

InDurkheim was finally given a promotion in the form of the chair of the Science of Education at the Sorbonne. In he became a full professor and inhis position was changed to formally include sociology.

Henceforth he was chair of the Science of Education and Sociology. Here he gave lectures on a number of subjects and published a number of important essays as well as his final, and most important, major work The Elementary Forms of Religious LifeForms.

The outbreak of World War I would prove to have disastrous consequences for Durkheim. From this Durkheim would never recover and in November he died of a stroke, leaving his last great work, La Morale Moralitywith only a preliminary introduction.

During his lifetime, Durkheim was politically engaged, yet kept these engagements rather discrete. Nevertheless, he supported a number of socialist reforms, and had a number of important socialist friends, but never committed himself to the party and did not make political issues a primary concern.

Despite his muted political engagement, Durkheim was an ardent patriot of France. He hoped to use his sociology as a way to help a French society suffering under the strains of modernity, and during World War I he took up a position writing anti-German propaganda pamphlets, which in part use his sociological theories to help explain the fervent nationalism found in Germany.

Intellectual Development and Influences Durkheim was not the first thinker to attempt to make sociology a science. Auguste Comte, who wished to extend the scientific method to the social sciences, and Herbert Spencer, who developed an evolutionary utilitarian approach that he applied to different areas in the social sciences, made notable attempts and their work had a formative influence on Durkheim.

However, Durkheim was critical of these attempts at sociology and felt that neither had sufficiently divorced their analyses from metaphysical assumptions. While Durkheim incorporated elements of evolutionary theory into his own, he did so in a critical way, and was not interested in developing a grand theory of society as much as developing a perspective and a method that could be applied in diverse ways.

With Emile Boutroux, Durkheim read Comte and got the idea that sociology could have its own unique subject matter that was not reducible to any other field of study.

Gabriel Monod and Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, both historians, introduced Durkheim to systematic empirical and comparative methods that could be applied to history and the social sciences. Charles Renouvier, a neo-Kantian philosopher, also had a large impact on Durkheim.

Between andDurkheim spent an academic year visiting universities in Germany. What Durkheim found there impressed him deeply.

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Importantly these scholars were relating morality to other social institutions such as economics or the law, and in the process were emphasizing the social nature of morality.

Arguably the most important of these thinkers for Durkheim was Wundt, who rejected methodological individualism and argued that morality was a sui generis social phenomenon that could not be reduced to individuals acting in isolation.

Early in his career Durkheim wrote dissertations about Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, both of whom he cited as precursors to sociology.

Before this time, as in Division, Durkheim focused on how the material and morphological elements of a society affected it. The most important of these, arguably, is Kant, whose moral and epistemological theories were of great influence. This can be partly explained by the fact that the Durkheimian school of thought was greatly reduced when many of his most promising students were killed in WWI, that Durkheim went to such great lengths to divorce sociology from philosophy, or by the fact that his thought has been, and continues to be, simplified and misunderstood.

Nevertheless, his ideas had, and continue to have, a strong impact in the social sciences, especially in sociology and anthropology.

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However, these thinkers never discuss Durkheim at length, or acknowledge any intellectual debt to to him. Society and the Study of Social Facts According to Durkheim, all elements of society, including morality and religion, are products of history.

As they do not have a transcendent origin and are part of the natural world, they can be studied scientifically. In particular, Durkheim viewed his sociology as the science of the genesis and functioning of institutions, with institutions being all of the beliefs and modes of conduct instituted by the collectivity.

A fundamental element of this science is the sociological method, which Durkheim created specifically for this purpose.The Significance and Impact of Russian Thought: 12 theses.

1. In the modern epoch, Russia was the first non-Western nation to challenge Eurocentric historical models and cultural canons, such as rationalism, legalism, individualism, and offer an alternative model of civilization (the dispute between Slavophiles and Westernizers).

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We are always trying to outdo ourselves by seeking innovation, using the latest technology, and having highly trained and qualified people for every service. The Significance and Impact of Russian Thought: 12 theses.

1. In the modern epoch, Russia was the first non-Western nation to challenge Eurocentric historical models and cultural canons, such as rationalism, legalism, individualism, and offer an alternative model of civilization (the dispute between Slavophiles and Westernizers).